Close view of 310gsm polyester faux fur throw fabric on an inspection table, showing knife-cut edge, pile direction marks, ruler and QC tags

Why knife-cut faux fur edges divide buyers

310gsm polyester faux fur throws with knife-cut edges sit in a narrow sourcing window: fuller and more premium-looking than lighter flannel, but still viable for gift, boutique home and e-commerce programmes. The edge decision is the main risk point. A knife cut leaves the pile and knitted ground exposed. A hem, binding or overlock locks the perimeter mechanically. If the product will be folded, rubbed inside a polybag, carton-packed tightly, then handled repeatedly at retail, the exposed edge becomes the first visible failure point.

The attraction is real. Knife-cut throws look flatter, cleaner and less utilitarian than overlocked goods. They photograph well and avoid the perimeter compression that hems can create on plush fabrics. The trade-off is that cut-edge performance depends on fabric stability, blade sharpness, lay discipline, lint removal and pack-out controls. If those controls are weak, the programme tends to develop the same claims: lint inside the bag, sparse-looking edge halos, pale corners, backing show-through, or a used-looking surface before the customer opens the pack.

For adjacent cut-edge behaviour on lighter plush fabrics, compare 280gsm polyester flannel throws with knife-cut edges edge fray risk and 230gsm rPET microfleece blankets with sonic-cut edges edge fusion considerations. The transfer limit matters: flannel and microfleece guidance helps with lint and cut-line cleanliness, but faux fur failures are more about pile loss, corner thinning, nap-direction appearance and backing exposure. Do not copy generic fleece wording into a faux fur PO.

Define the structure precisely: not all warp-knit faux fur behaves the same

Most 310gsm faux fur throws sold with knife-cut edges are single-layer warp-knit plush throws: one face-plush fabric, sheared and finished, then cut to size with no perimeter sewing. That is the construction assumed in most of this guide. If a supplier quotes a bonded, laminated, double-face or self-fold edge product, edge behaviour changes and the same acceptance limits should not be used without revision.

In this weight band the base is usually a warp-knit plush on raschel-type or tricot-type ground. Raschel-type plush tends to give a fuller, more directional face and stronger nap shading. It can look more premium on shelf, but if pile density is low or shearing is uneven, corners can show apparent paling quickly after cutting or packing. Tricot-type plush is usually tighter and flatter, with better dimensional regularity and a cleaner back, but sometimes a less plush visual. Ground construction, stitch density, pile insertion and shearing uniformity affect edge stability as much as GSM does.

Ask the supplier to confirm, at minimum: knit type if known; single-layer or layered construction; finished GSM tolerance; finished pile height; face pile direction; whether the back is plain knit, brushed, binder-stabilised or coated; whether all four edges are raw cut; and whether sample and bulk use the same dyeing and finishing route. If the answer is only '310gsm faux fur, knife cut', the spec is not tight enough to compare quotations or run third-party QC.

Buyer-ready fabric specification: default wording you can put on the PO

For a standard retail or e-commerce throw, default spec language can read: 100% polyester warp-knit faux fur throw, single layer, finished weight 310gsm ±5%, finished pile height 6.0 to 8.5 mm, one-way nap, all four sides knife cut, no perimeter sewing, no visible ground on face under standard inspection, no hard back-coating hand, and bulk to match approved sealed sample. If a tighter channel is required, reduce GSM tolerance to ±4% and size tolerance to ±1.5 cm before wash.

For a more risk-controlled retail programme, add: outer weak-width zone to be excluded from marker if edge-zone retention does not meet approval standard; back stabilisation permitted only if no visible strike-through to face, no coating streak over 50 mm, no objectionable odour on opening, and no cracking after wash test. If the fabric is dark navy, charcoal or black, add polybag lint contamination control mandatory because loose fibres show more clearly.

A supplier saying the fabric is lightly back-coated is not enough. Better wording is: clear or translucent binder or back coat permitted for pile anchorage only; face strike-through not permitted; hard streaks over 50 mm not permitted; brittle hand not permitted; no powdering, flaking or cracking after five manual flex cycles and one wash test. If the supplier claims stronger pile anchoring, ask for performance evidence from the edge-rub and wash protocols set out below, not marketing terms such as ultra-stable or anti-shed.

Knife-cut versus sewn edges: where each belongs

Choose the edge finish by sales channel and complaint tolerance. Knife-cut suits boutique folded display, ribbon-tied gifting and cleaner photography. Fold-over or lockstitch hem improves perimeter security and wash robustness, but leaves a visible sewn line and can flatten edge pile. Binding gives the safest edge for repeated handling and long transit, but changes the product language and adds trim and sewing cost.

Do not state a fixed SMV saving unless the factory has timed both methods on the same size and pack format. Knife-cut can reduce sewing content, but total labour depends on lay control, blade changes, lint rolling, final inspection and repacking. On some factories it saves time; on others the gain is largely consumed by extra grooming and cleaning. Buyers should compare total piece cost plus claim risk, not assume raw-cut is automatically cheaper.

Yield loss is often ignored. If the outer 20 to 40 mm of full width shows weak pile anchorage, shearing variation or finishing stress, the marker may need to exclude that zone. On plush widths around 150 to 180 cm, lost usable width can offset any sewing saving. Treat knife-cut as a process-sensitive aesthetic option, not a free cost reduction. For sewn alternatives, compare 300gsm polyester fleece blankets with fold-over hemmed edges and 310gsm polyester fleece blankets with lockstitch hem.

What 310gsm faux fur normally looks like in production

At 310gsm, faux fur is usually a short-to-medium pile plush, not a deep long-pile luxury fur. For knife-cut throws, a safer target is usually 6 to 8.5 mm finished pile height. Around 9 to 10 mm can work if density is high and pile anchorage is good, but risk rises: edge halo is more visible, corners look thinner faster, and post-wash lay variation is harder to control. A very airy 310gsm fabric with high pile but low density can feel premium in the showroom and still perform worse than a denser 6.5 mm plush at the same GSM.

Approval should never be based on handfeel alone. Ask for measured pile height, finished piece weight, finished dimensions and photos of the back under flat light. A dense, lower-pile 310gsm construction usually performs better on edge release, carton cleanliness and post-wash corner appearance than a loftier low-density construction.

If the programme is dark shade, vacuum-compressed, long-transit or shelf-stacked, favour the denser and shorter-pile option. Dark colours show loose fibre more clearly inside clear packaging, and compressed packs can create apparent pale pressure lines at raw-cut corners even where the ground is not exposed.

Where edge shedding starts: separate roll weakness from cutting damage

Use precise failure language. Pile loss means pile fibres anchored in the structure are released from the cut edge or face. Loose-fibre linting means detached fibres, fly or shearing residue remain on the product or in the bag, even if the product is not structurally losing pile in use. Backing exposure means the ground knit, binder film or back coat is visible from the face because pile cover is inadequate. Ground fray means the base knit itself is damaged or opening at the edge; this is less common on warp-knit plush than on woven constructions, but poor cutting can still nick and destabilise it. Apparent corner paling means a corner looks lighter because nap has been disturbed, compressed or brushed in the opposite direction, even where the pile is still present.

Selvedge or edge-of-width weakness is a fabric-stage problem present before cutting. Causes include lower stitch integrity near width edge, uneven tenter tension, shearing stress, poor width control or patchy binder application. Cut-edge instability is a cut-room or pack-out problem created during spreading, cutting, bundling or bagging. Causes include dull blades, excessive lay height, ply slippage, dragging through pile, corner shift, rough handling and poor lint removal.

The correction path is different. For roll weakness, review knitting, shearing, finishing, width trimming and whether the marker must exclude the outer weak zone. For cutting damage, reduce lay height, increase blade-change frequency, control one-way nap through the lay, protect corners in bundling and tighten lint removal before bagging. If a supplier cannot show whether failures started on the roll or after cutting, root-cause discipline is weak and repeat orders are risky.

Roll-stage diagnostics to request before cutting approval

If you want to separate roll weakness from conversion damage, ask for pre-cut roll diagnostics on bulk fabric. The minimum useful package is: edge-zone retention check at both outer widths, shearing uniformity photo across full width, back appearance photo, GSM and pile-height report, and one retained offcut from each side of the approved production roll.

A practical factory procedure is: cut three cross-width strips per bulk lot, each about 30 x full width cm, one from the beginning, one mid-roll and one end-roll. Mark outer 0 to 30 mm, 30 to 60 mm and body zone. Comb the face lightly by hand in nap direction, then reverse once. Compare outer zones against body for sparse appearance, cut-line cleanliness and backing show-through. If the outer 30 mm shows visible weakness versus body on more than one strip, that zone should be excluded from marker or the lot held for review.

Ask for shearing uniformity at outer width because poor outer-width shearing can mimic pile-loss complaints. Use a steel rule or pile gauge at five points across width: left outer 25 mm, left inner 150 mm, centre, right inner 150 mm, right outer 25 mm. Report average pile height and max deviation. A sensible control point for this construction is no more than ±1.0 mm from approved standard across width; tighter premium programmes may hold at ±0.8 mm.

Defect terminology and standard viewing conditions

Put the defect definitions into the PO appendix and enforce a controlled visual method. Edge halo: visibly lighter or sparser band running along a raw-cut side; measure maximum band width inward from cut edge. Corner baldness: local pile loss or severe thinning at a corner causing the knitted ground or back to show. Backing show-through: ground, binder film or back coating visible from the face under standard viewing. Nap mismatch: units or panels show different apparent shade because pile direction differs, although dye shade is the same. Pale corner: corner appears lighter from nap disturbance, compression, shearing inconsistency or cut damage, with or without actual backing exposure. Loose fibre contamination: detached fibres visible inside polybag, on folded face or on carton walls.

Use one visual standard for approvals and final inspection: D65 or equivalent daylight-balanced light, around 1000 to 1500 lux, viewing distance 1.0 metre for overall appearance and 30 cm for defect confirmation, inspection table neutral grey if available, and product placed with nap running in the approved direction. For folded units, inspect the display face exactly as packed, then open one panel and inspect the brushed face flat.

Nap-direction mismatch must be judged with all compared units oriented the same way. Lay two units side by side, top edges aligned, both face-up, nap brushed downwards once by hand. View from 1.0 metre, then rotate both 180 degrees and check again. If the apparent shade difference disappears after reorientation, it is nap-direction effect rather than dye-lot variation. Buyers should decide whether that is acceptable before bulk, not after receipt.

Backing and stabilisation: useful control, but easy to overdo

Many faux fur throws in this category rely on some degree of back stabilisation to improve pile anchorage and dimensional stability. The common methods are light binder application, back coating or heat-setting routes that tighten the structure. Used correctly, this can reduce edge pile loss and improve cut-line neatness. Used aggressively, it creates new problems: harsh hand, reduced drape, strike-through visible on face, cracking after wash or flexing, chemical odour on opening, and in some cases face gloss change along coated streaks.

Ask the mill to state whether stabilisation is none, light binder-stabilised, or back-coated. If back-coated, ask whether the coating is full-width or intermittent, and whether the product remains washable to the agreed care instruction. For standard home throws, a useful commercial requirement is: no visible binder or coating on face; no hard band over 50 mm; no objectionable odour after 24 hours in sealed pack; no cracking, powdering or flaking after one ISO 6330 wash and drying cycle plus five manual flexes at room temperature.

Back-stabilised goods should also be checked for downstream feel risk. If the back becomes too rigid, the throw may not fold cleanly for ribbon packs, may spring open in polybags, and may show corner stress whitening after compression. If softness is a key selling point, ask the supplier to submit one unstabilised and one stabilised option against the same edge tests instead of assuming more binder is better.

Executable edge and wash test methods buyers can actually run

Below are factory-usable protocols. They are not ISO standards by themselves, but they can be written into a PO or third-party inspection appendix. For laundering reference, use ISO 6330 home laundering protocols as the framework for washing and drying conditions, adapted to the faux fur throw size and care label.

Test 1: loose-fibre lint release in pack simulation. Purpose: measure detached fibres likely to contaminate the polybag and shelf pack. Sample size: 5 finished units per colour lot. Conditioning: 24 hours at 20 ±2°C and 65 ±4% RH. Procedure: lint-roll the inspection table first; shake each unit once lightly; fold as packed; place into clean clear PE bag; tumble by hand 20 cycles or rotate inside bag 20 times; remove unit; count visible loose fibre clusters in bag larger than about 2 mm and assess total lint area against a black and white contrast card. Pass/fail default: average no more than 5 visible fibre clusters per bag, no single bag over 8 clusters, and no loose lint patch over 25 x 25 mm equivalent. Report: lot no., colour, sample IDs, cluster count per bag, photo of worst bag.

Test 2: edge-rub pile-loss test. Purpose: separate normal grooming lift from true edge pile release. Sample size: 5 units. Conditioning as above. Procedure: on each unit mark one 30 cm section on a long side and one 30 cm section on a short side. Using a black nitrile glove or standard dry cotton cloth, rub each marked section 10 forward and 10 backward strokes under consistent hand pressure of roughly 5 N. Collect released fibres on pre-weighed low-lint tissue or contrast sheet and inspect edge. Pass/fail default: no continuous backing exposure; edge halo width after rubbing not over 3 mm average and 5 mm max at any point; released fibre mass per unit not over 0.05 g if weighed, or detached fibre tuft count not over 6 across both sections if counted. Report both methods if used.

Test 3: corner baldness and show-through check after handling. Sample size: 5 units. Procedure: fold and unfold each unit 10 times as packed, then lightly brush corners once in nap direction. Inspect four corners at 30 cm under standard light. Measure any visible backing show-through zone from corner apex inward. Pass/fail default: no single corner with backing show-through zone deeper than 8 mm; average per unit not over 4 mm; no more than 1 corner out of 20 showing any obvious bald spot over 5 x 5 mm.

Test 4: wash durability of edge appearance. Sample size: 3 units per colour or per bulk lot if colour risk is low. Procedure: measure pre-wash size and mark reference points 5 cm from each corner. Launder to agreed care label using ISO 6330 domestic wash method suitable for polyester, then dry as instructed. After conditioning, inspect edge halo, corner show-through, hand, odour and back integrity. Pass/fail default: dimensional change not over 3% length or width unless care label and channel allow more; no newly exposed backing band over 5 mm on any side; no coating crack, powdering or delamination; no severe nap matting that cannot be restored by one hand-brush in nap direction.

Test 5: cut-line waviness and squareness. Sample size: 10 units from cutting output or final packed goods. Lay flat without stretching. Measure deviation from straight line using taut cord or steel rule along each edge. Pass/fail default: waviness not over 4 mm over any 30 cm span; corner squareness deviation not over 8 mm measured by diagonal difference or right-angle template; no saw-tooth notches visible at 1.0 metre. These limits are realistic for knife-cut plush; premium gift retail may tighten them.

Test 6: carton lint contamination. Sample size: 3 cartons per inspected lot. Open top, inspect inner walls and top layer units. Pass/fail default: no loose lint accumulation patch on carton wall over 40 x 40 mm; no more than 3 detached fibre tufts on top panel of any visible unit; no foreign-colour fibre contamination. If bagged individually, bag interior and carton should both meet the standard.

Acceptance criteria table: put numbers on the defects

Use measurable limits, otherwise QC reports become arguments about what is 'normal' for faux fur. Recommended default limits for a mid-market retail throw are: edge halo width average ≤3 mm, max ≤5 mm; corner backing show-through depth max 8 mm; bald spot at edge or corner not over 5 x 5 mm and not more than 1 per inspected unit; cut-line waviness ≤4 mm per 30 cm span; size tolerance before wash ±2.0 cm; dimensional change after one wash ≤3%; visible lint clusters in polybag average ≤5, max 8; carton lint patch ≤40 x 40 mm; pile height tolerance versus approved standard ±1.0 mm; GSM tolerance ±5%.

For premium channels, tighten the key appearance limits: edge halo average ≤2 mm, max ≤3 mm; no visible backing show-through from 1.0 metre; waviness ≤3 mm per 30 cm; bag lint average ≤3 clusters; size tolerance before wash ±1.5 cm. For promotional or lower-ticket channels, some buyers accept slightly looser lint and waviness, but the raw-cut edge still needs a floor. If you loosen too far, claims shift from QC issue to commercial returns issue.

Where the product is sold vacuum-compressed, add one recovery requirement: after opening and 2 hours recovery at room condition, no compression pale line or corner nap disturbance shall remain visible from 1.0 metre after one hand-brush in nap direction. This clause catches goods that technically pass before compression but fail after e-commerce fulfilment.

Defect classification with AQL examples

A workable default inspection plan for this category is AQL 2.5 major / 4.0 minor for final random inspection, with critical defects at zero acceptance. For a general checklist structure and lot logic, see AQL 2.5 inspection checklist and blanket quality control inspection. The classification below is more useful than generic blanket grading because faux fur appearance is highly directional.

Critical defects: wrong fibre content if regulated claim is made; needle or blade fragments; severe chemical odour indicating likely contamination; mould or wet damage; prohibited restricted-substance failure if testing is in scope; gross size or label mismatch that makes the goods unsellable. Acceptance: 0.

Major defects: backing show-through visible from 1.0 metre on display face; corner baldness with exposed ground deeper than 8 mm; continuous edge halo over 3 mm average or any point over 5 mm; obvious nap-direction mismatch within same carton if same SKU should match; cut-line waviness over 4 mm per 30 cm; post-wash coating crack or flake; visible foreign-colour fibres; polybag or carton lint beyond stated limits; dimension outside tolerance; more than one bald spot over 5 x 5 mm; wrong nap orientation for packed display face if direction was specified. Minor defects: slight local nap disturbance recoverable by one hand-brush; isolated lint tuft removable by hand; slight shade-side difference that disappears after nap alignment; small waviness visible only at close inspection but within max limit; minor care label placement deviation not affecting sale.

If you need line-by-line wording for inspectors, classify defects this way: backing visible on face from 1.0 metre = major; backing visible only at 30 cm and under 5 x 5 mm = minor if within quantity limit; bag lint cluster count over max = major; bag lint within max but removable and not on display face = minor; nap mismatch across same SKU visible at 1.0 metre under standard orientation = major; apparent paling that disappears after one brush and reorientation = minor.

Packaging and pack-out controls that actually reduce claims

For knife-cut faux fur, pack-out control is not optional. Write measurable requirements: 100% lint-rolling or air-cleaning of display face and all cut edges before bagging; polybag interior to be visually clean, no loose fibre tufts, no scrap threads, no oil marks; fold with nap running consistently in approved direction; display face to present with nap brushed once in approved direction before insertion.

Compression must be controlled. If packed flat in individual bags, avoid overfilling cartons so that the top layer is crushed against flaps. A practical rule is carton closed without forced compression and no panel bowing after sealing. If vacuum-compression is used for e-commerce, validate the compressed format on the actual colour and pile construction before bulk because corners and raw-cut sides can bruise. For standard non-vacuum export, many buyers cap stack pressure by specifying no more than 5% carton height compression from free-loaded height.

Add a cleanliness check at pack-out: every carton top layer and one random middle layer unit to be inspected for lint before sealing. Polybags should be clear enough to show lint but not so static-prone that they attract fibres aggressively. If static is a recurring issue, trial bag gauge and anti-static handling rather than blaming the fabric only. For related packing logic on fleece programmes, see travel airline blanket weight packing and cross-border e-commerce packs for throws.

Recommended reporting format for factory, lab and third-party QC

Ask all parties to report the same fields. Minimum report header: buyer style no.; colour; lot no.; roll no. if fabric-stage test; finished size; GSM; pile height; date; operator; conditioning details; light source and viewing distance. For each test, report sample count, method, raw observations, pass/fail result and photos of the worst sample with a steel rule in frame.

For edge appearance, require both numeric record and photo evidence. Example report lines: 'Edge halo long side average 2.4 mm, max 4.0 mm, pass'; 'Corner backing show-through 0/20 corners over 5 mm, worst 3 mm, pass'; 'Polybag fibre cluster count average 3.2, max 6, pass'; 'Cut-line waviness worst 3 mm over 30 cm, pass'. If the report only says 'OK' or 'no issue', it is not useful for claim defence.

Where wash testing is used for approval, attach pre- and post-wash dimensions, care method code per ISO 6330, drying method, and a statement on hand change, odour and back integrity. One page of standardised reporting avoids endless debate later.

Model PO and QC clauses you can copy into a purchase order

Construction clause: 'Product shall be 100% polyester warp-knit faux fur throw, single layer, finished weight 310gsm ±5%, finished pile height 6.0 to 8.5 mm, one-way nap, all four sides knife cut, no perimeter sewing, bulk to match approved sealed sample in hand, appearance and edge performance.'

Appearance clause: 'Under D65 lighting at 1000 to 1500 lux, viewed at 1.0 metre on packed display face and 30 cm for confirmation, no visible backing show-through on face is permitted. Edge halo shall not exceed 3 mm average or 5 mm max at any point. Corner backing show-through depth shall not exceed 8 mm at any corner. Bald spots over 5 x 5 mm are not permitted on display face or corners.'

Cutting and pack-out clause: 'All cut edges shall be clean and substantially straight. Cut-line waviness shall not exceed 4 mm over any 30 cm span. Goods shall be lint-rolled or equivalently cleaned on face and edges prior to packing. Polybag interior shall be free from visible loose fibre contamination exceeding average 5 and max 8 fibre clusters larger than 2 mm. Carton inner wall loose lint patch shall not exceed 40 x 40 mm. Fold orientation and nap direction shall match approved packing sample.'

Wash clause: 'Three finished units per colour lot shall pass one agreed ISO 6330 domestic laundering cycle and drying method. Post-wash dimensional change shall not exceed 3% in length or width. No coating crack, powdering, delamination or objectionable odour is permitted. No newly exposed backing band over 5 mm on any edge is permitted after wash.'

Inspection clause: 'Final random inspection to AQL 2.5 major / 4.0 minor, critical defects zero acceptance, unless otherwise stated in written order confirmation. Defect classification per buyer appendix: visible backing show-through, excessive corner baldness, excessive lint contamination, nap mismatch visible at 1.0 metre, and out-of-tolerance size are major defects.'

Roll approval clause: 'Supplier shall retain and provide on request pre-cut roll-stage edge-zone records showing outer-width retention check, across-width pile-height check and shearing uniformity confirmation for bulk lot. Outer weak-width zone shall be excluded from marker where required to meet approved edge standard.'

When to reject knife-cut and move to a sewn perimeter instead

Do not force knife-cut if the fabric is wrong for it. Move to a sewn edge if any of these keep appearing in development: outer-width weakness requiring too much marker loss, pile height above about 9 mm at only 310gsm, strong bag lint on dark shades, back stabilisation needed to the point of hand harshness, or repeated corner baldness after one wash and fold cycle. A cleaner-looking edge is not worth a higher return rate.

If the buyer must keep a raw-looking perimeter but claims are too high, a compromise is to test other constructions before giving up on the concept entirely: denser lower-pile plush, different knit base, improved shearing control, or in some categories a fused edge on lighter fleece. For broader material choice, compare flannel fleece blanket orders at 260gsm, fleece weight throw blanket programme and custom blanket decoration methods if branding method may also affect face appearance.

The commercial rule is simple: if raw-cut faux fur cannot pass edge-rub, pack simulation, wash appearance and carton cleanliness on the approved colourway, specify a sewn perimeter instead of arguing that the customer will not notice. The customer notices the bag first.

Frequently asked

What is the safest pile height for a 310gsm knife-cut faux fur throw? For most retail programmes, 6.0 to 8.5 mm finished pile height is the safer range. At the same GSM, higher pile usually means lower density, which increases edge halo, corner thinning and post-pack appearance change.

How should edge defects be measured so factory and inspector agree? Set a standard viewing method first: D65 light or equivalent, 1000 to 1500 lux, 1.0 metre for appearance, 30 cm for confirmation, all units oriented in the approved nap direction. Measure edge halo inward from the cut edge in millimetres, and measure corner backing show-through from the corner apex inward.

What is the difference between shedding, linting and backing show-through? They are different failure modes. Pile loss means anchored pile fibres are releasing. Loose-fibre linting means detached fibres or shearing residue contaminate the bag or surface. Backing show-through means the ground knit, binder film or back coat is visible from the face because pile coverage is inadequate. Apparent corner paling can also be just nap disturbance without true pile loss.

Can buyers rely on knife-cut edges to reduce cost? Not automatically. Knife-cut removes sewing operations, but total labour can rise again through slower cutting, blade changes, extra lint removal, tighter final inspection and possible yield loss if outer-width fabric is weak. Compare full converted cost and claim risk, not just sewing minutes.

What AQL is reasonable for faux fur throws with knife-cut edges? A common default is AQL 2.5 major and 4.0 minor with zero acceptance for critical defects. The key is defect definition: visible backing show-through, excessive edge halo, corner baldness, nap mismatch visible at 1.0 metre, and lint contamination beyond limits should usually be classed as major.

What wash test should be written into the PO? State that three finished units per colour lot must pass one agreed ISO 6330 domestic laundering cycle and drying method, then set numeric outcomes: dimensional change not over 3%, no coating crack or powdering, and no newly exposed backing band over 5 mm on any edge after wash.

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